If their version only introduces whitespace changes to a line, our version is used;. If our version introduces whitespace changes but their version includes a substantial change, their version is used;. This runs a virtual check-out and check-in of all three stages of a file when resolving a three-way merge.
This option is meant to be used when merging branches with different clean filters or end-of-line normalization rules. Disables the renormalize option. This overrides the merge. Turn off rename detection. See also git-diff[1] --no-renames. Turn on rename detection, optionally setting the similarity threshold. This is the default. See also git-diff[1] --find-renames. This option is a more advanced form of subtree strategy, where the strategy makes a guess on how two trees must be shifted to match with each other when merging.
Instead, the specified path is prefixed or stripped from the beginning to make the shape of two trees to match. The ort strategy takes all the same options as recursive. However, it ignores three of those options: no-renames , patience and diff-algorithm. This can only resolve two heads i. It tries to carefully detect criss-cross merge ambiguities. It does not handle renames. This resolves cases with more than two heads, but refuses to do a complex merge that needs manual resolution.
It is primarily meant to be used for bundling topic branch heads together. This is the default merge strategy when pulling or merging more than one branch.
This resolves any number of heads, but the resulting tree of the merge is always that of the current branch head, effectively ignoring all changes from all other branches. It is meant to be used to supersede old development history of side branches.
Note that this is different from the -Xours option to the recursive merge strategy. This is a modified recursive strategy. When merging trees A and B, if B corresponds to a subtree of A, B is first adjusted to match the tree structure of A, instead of reading the trees at the same level.
This adjustment is also done to the common ancestor tree. With the strategies that use 3-way merge including the default, recursive , if a change is made on both branches, but later reverted on one of the branches, that change will be present in the merged result; some people find this behavior confusing. It occurs because only the heads and the merge base are considered when performing a merge, not the individual commits. The merge algorithm therefore considers the reverted change as no change at all, and substitutes the changed version instead.
Often people use git pull without giving any parameter. Traditionally, this has been equivalent to saying git pull origin. However, when configuration branch. In order to determine what URL to use to fetch from, the value of the configuration remote. In order to determine what remote branches to fetch and optionally store in the remote-tracking branches when the command is run without any refspec parameters on the command line, values of the configuration variable remote.
A globbing refspec must have a non-empty RHS i. The rule to determine which remote branch to merge after fetching is a bit involved, in order not to break backward compatibility.
If explicit refspecs were given on the command line of git pull , they are all merged. In such cases, the following rules apply:. If branch. Update the remote-tracking branches for the repository you cloned from, then merge one of them into your current branch:. Normally the branch merged in is the HEAD of the remote repository, but the choice is determined by the branch. The same can be done by invoking fetch and merge:. If you tried a pull which resulted in complex conflicts and would want to start over, you can recover with git reset.
The fetch and push protocols are not designed to prevent one side from stealing data from the other repository that was not intended to be shared. If you have private data that you need to protect from a malicious peer, your best option is to store it in another repository. This applies to both clients and servers. In particular, namespaces on a server are not effective for read access control; you should only grant read access to a namespace to clients that you would trust with read access to the entire repository.
The victim sends "have" lines advertising the IDs of objects it has that are not explicitly intended to be shared but can be used to optimize the transfer if the peer also has them. Now the victim believes that the attacker has X, and it sends the content of X back to the attacker later. This attack is most straightforward for a client to perform on a server, by creating a ref to X in the namespace the client has access to and then fetching it. The most likely way for a server to perform it on a client is to "merge" X into a public branch and hope that the user does additional work on this branch and pushes it back to the server without noticing the merge.
As in 1, the attacker chooses an object ID X to steal. The victim sends an object Y that the attacker already has, and the attacker falsely claims to have X and not Y, so the victim sends Y as a delta against X. The delta reveals regions of X that are similar to Y to the attacker. Using --recurse-submodules can only fetch new commits in already checked out submodules right now. When e. This is expected to be fixed in a future Git version.
Setup and Config git config help bugreport Getting and Creating Projects init clone Basic Snapshotting add status diff commit notes restore reset rm mv Branching and Merging branch checkout switch merge mergetool log stash tag worktree Sharing and Updating Projects fetch pull push remote submodule.
Inspection and Comparison show log diff difftool range-diff shortlog describe Patching apply cherry-pick diff rebase revert Debugging bisect blame grep Email am apply format-patch send-email request-pull External Systems svn fast-import Server Admin daemon update-server-info. Administration clean gc fsck reflog filter-branch instaweb archive bundle Plumbing Commands cat-file check-ignore checkout-index commit-tree count-objects diff-index for-each-ref hash-object ls-files ls-tree merge-base read-tree rev-list rev-parse show-ref symbolic-ref update-index update-ref verify-pack write-tree.
And if you try to pull while having uncommitted local changes in your working copy, Tower will automatically offer to safely store those on a Stash for you:. You'll find the most important commands on the front and helpful best practice tips on the back. Over , developers have downloaded it to make Git a little bit easier. Just like with Tower, our mission with this platform is to help people become better professionals.
That's why we provide our guides, videos, and cheat sheets about version control with Git and lots of other topics for free. First Aid Kit Learn how to undo and recover from mistakes with our handy videos series and cheat sheet.
Webinar Join a live Webinar and learn from a Git professional. Video Course 24 episodes explain Git and version control step-by-step, one topic per video. You can think of git pull as Git's version of svn update. The following diagram explains each step of the pulling process.
You start out thinking your repository is synchronized, but then git fetch reveals that origin's version of main has progressed since you last checked it. Then git merge immediately integrates the remote main into the local one. The git remote command is used to specify what remote endpoints the syncing commands will operate on.
The git push command is used to upload content to a remote repository. The git fetch command can be confused with git pull. They are both used to download remote content. An important safety distinction can be made between git pull and get fetch. Alternatively, git pull will download remote content and immediately attempt to change the local state to match that content. This may unintentionally cause the local repository to get in a conflicted state.
The --rebase option can be used to ensure a linear history by preventing unnecessary merge commits. In fact, pulling with --rebase is such a common workflow that there is a dedicated configuration option for it:.
After running that command, all git pull commands will integrate via git rebase instead of git merge. This example first performs a checkout and switches to the branch. Following that, the git pull is executed with being passed. This will implicitly pull down the newfeature branch from.
Once the download is complete it will initiate a git merge. The following example demonstrates how to synchronize with the central repository's main branch using a rebase:. Most of the time there is little that must be done other than de-compressing, though tree objects have binary data that must be formatted first.
When you run git fetch —or have git pull run it for you—your Git obtains the hash IDs of some initial objects from another Git, then uses the Git transfer protocols to figure out what additional objects are required to complete your Git repository. If you already have some object, you do not need to fetch it again, and if that object is a commit object, you do not need any of its parents either.
Your Git then stuffs these into your repository's object database. If your Git is at least 1. If you run git fetch manually, your Git obeys all the normal refspec update rules, as described in the git fetch documentation. It's the additional arguments passed to git fetch by git pull that inhibit some of these, depending on your Git version. That, then, is the answer to what I think is your real first question: git fetch stores these objects in Git's object database, where they may be retrieved by their hash IDs.
It adds the hash IDs to. Running git fetch gets you objects, but does nothing to incorporate those objects into any of your work. If you wish to use the fetched commits or other data, you need a second step.
The two main actions you can do here are git merge or git rebase. The best way to understand them is to read about them elsewhere other SO postings, other documentation, and so on.
Both are, however, complicated commands—and there is one special case for git pull that is not covered by those two: in particular, you can git pull into a non-existent branch. You have a non-existent branch which Git also calls an orphan branch or an unborn branch in two cases:. In both cases, there is no current commit so there is nothing to rebase or merge.
They are initially empty in a new, empty repository, but by the time you run git pull you could have created files and copied them into the index. This kind of git pull has traditionally been buggy, so be careful: versions of Git before 1.
I think it's best to avoid git pull entirely here: just run git fetch yourself, and then figure out what you want to do. As far as I know, it's OK in modern Git—these versions will not destroy your index and work-tree—but I am in the habit of avoiding git pull myself. The git rebase command now has an automatic-stash option rebase. Then the rebase itself can run, after which Git can automatically apply and drop the stash. The git merge command does not have this automatic option, but of course you can do it manually.
Note that none of this works if you are in the middle of a conflicted merge. In this state, the index has extra entries: you cannot commit these until you resolve the conflicts, and you cannot even stash them which follows naturally from the fact that git stash really makes commits.
You can run git fetch , at any time, since that just adds new objects to the object database; but you cannot merge or rebase when the index is in this state. Not necessarily. Any local commits you have on the branch you're pulling will be merged with the changes upstream.
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