To do this, the sectioned samples are passed through xylene in order to remove the paraffin. When stained, the samples are again dehydrated and placed in xylene. The sections are then mounted on microscope slides in a medium dissolved in xylene.
A cover slip is put on top of each sample and the xylene is allowed to dry. Finally, the mounting medium hardens and binds the coverslip on the microscope slide. As a paint thinner, this chemical has some advantages over other paint thinning agents like toluene. This allows you to apply paint more evenly on a surface.
Xylene is also the preferred thinner for those who use spray paints because it facilitates a better flow. Even if you use a paint brush or a roller, you can prevent clots or chunks by using xylene as a paint thinner. The blog on chemicals. The blog, its authors and affiliates accept no responsibility for any accident, injury or damage caused in part or directly from following the information provided on this website.
We do not recommend using any chemical without first consulting the Material Safety Data Sheet which can be obtained from the manufacturer and following the safety advice and precautions on the product label. Brick acid is an extremely powerful cleaner for the building trade that, as the name suggests, removes tough debris A BSc analytical chemistry apprenticeship is offered by several universities across the UK, allowing candidates to earn while honing In the past, we have written all about how distilled water is a favourite across many industrial applications.
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This method has a sampling and analytical error of 0. In the event of an emergency, remove the victim from further exposure, send for medical assistance and initiate the following emergency procedures:[ 1 , 24 , 25 ]. Eye exposure: If xylene or a solution containing xylene gets into the eyes, immediately flush the eyes with large amounts of water for a minimum of 15 min, lifting the lower and upper lids occasionally.
Get medical attention as soon as possible. Skin exposure: The contaminated skin should be washed with soap and water for at least 15 min. If irritation persists, get medical attention.
Inhalation: If xylene vapors are inhaled, move the victim at once to fresh air and get medical care as soon as possible. If the victim is not breathing, perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation; if breathing is difficult, give oxygen.
Keep the victim warm and quiet until medical help arrives. Ingestion: If xylene or a solution containing xylene is ingested, give the victim several glasses of water to drink. Get medical help immediately. Do not induce vomiting if the person is unconscious as it is associated with the danger of pulmonary aspiration. Efforts to reduce the health hazards in the histology laboratories should be made to create a safer working atmosphere by making the histopathology technicians more familiar with the health hazards of xylene, safety measures and emergency procedures.
The hazards of xylene are well documented, but the substitutes are not so thoroughly evaluated. Most of the less-expensive alternatives to xylene do not have the same miscibility with alcohol, wax and resinous mountants, and nearly all are sold under trade names without any obvious disclosure of the chemicals of which they are composed. The assumption that they are safe just because the manufacturer says so is ill advised. It may not be comforting to get exposed on a daily basis to large volumes of a product of unknown chemical composition and largely untested health effects.
Usage of proper personal protective equipment and a decent fume hood prevents the hazardous effects of xylene. In view of the established adverse effects of xylene, the Indian Association of Occupational Hygiene should make a law to safeguard the histopathology technicians against occupational hazards. Source of Support: Nil.
Conflict of Interest: None declared. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer.
Address for correspondence: Dr. E-mail: moc. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract Xylene is an aromatic hydrocarbon known for its wide usage in tissue processing, staining and cover slipping in the histology laboratory. Keywords: Toxicity of xylene, xylene substitutes, xylene.
Table 1 Effect of xylene on the nervous system. Open in a separate window. LUNGS Exposure to xylene at levels of ppm or greater can irritate the lungs, causing chest pain and shortness of breath.
The chemical components are one of the following:[ 15 ] Limonene reagents Aliphatic hydrocarbon mixtures Aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures Mineral oil mixtures Limonene reagents Mainly composed of d-limonene, which is a hydrocarbon.
Table 2 Advantages and disadvantages of limonene reagents. Advantages Disadvantages Biodegradable, noncorrosive, nonflammable combustible Expensive Contains no benzene and no toluene Claims to be less toxic but the hazards are not well documented Low toxicity levels Offensive odor Minimal tissue shrinkage Very oily Soluble in alcohol and mounting media Incompatible with some of the mounting media Reasonably fast drying and leaves no residue Cannot be distilled Reduced fire risk Samples take more time to dry thoroughly Has a high vapor pressure, and thus does not evaporate fast.
Degreasing effect on skin Hence, cover slipping multiple slides is easy. Table 3 Advantages and disadvantages of aliphatic hydrocarbon mixtures. Advantages Disadvantages Most of them are odorless Classified as hazardous waste due to flammability Can be recovered by distillation Not easily biodegradable Less expensive than limonene reagents More expensive than xylene Nongreasy some of them Less irritating to the skin than xylene and d-limonene-based clearants Less tolerant of contamination than xylene Less toxic because they are catalytically hydrogenated to destroy the double bonds.
Aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures Some high-boiling aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures having lower volatility than xylenes have been manufactured. Mineral oil mixtures Mineral paraffin oil mixtures look promising in eliminating xylene from most of the procedures. Local exhaust ventilation The workplace can be modified to reduce the inhalational hazards by installing local exhaust ventilation with a proper hood. Figure 1. Get medical attention as soon as possible Skin exposure: The contaminated skin should be washed with soap and water for at least 15 min.
If irritation persists, get medical attention Inhalation: If xylene vapors are inhaled, move the victim at once to fresh air and get medical care as soon as possible.
Keep the victim warm and quiet until medical help arrives Ingestion: If xylene or a solution containing xylene is ingested, give the victim several glasses of water to drink. Toxicological profile for xylene, U. S Department of Health and Human Services, public health service, Agency for toxic substance and disease registry. Sedivec V, Flek J. Exposure test for xylenes. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. Urinary excretion of hippuric acid and m- or p-methylhippuric acid in the urine of persons exposed to vapours of toluene and m- or p- xylene as a test of exposure.
Br J Ind Med. Savoleinen H, Pfaffli P. Dose-dependent neurochemical changes during short-term inhalation exposure to m-xylene. Arch Toxicol. Significant changes in the amounts of neurotransmitter and related substances in rat brain induced by subacute exposure to low levels of toluene and xylene. Ind Health. Production of discrete changes in dopamine and noradrenaline levels and turnover in various parts of the rat brain following exposure to ortho-, meta- and para-xylenes, and ethylbenzene.
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. Symptoms and signs in workers exposed predominantly to xylene. Hipolito RN.
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