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Ask question. Login Signup. All categories. Answer Comment. Hey there! Answer: D His rhetoric is more deliberate and well thought out. For Plato, the Stephanus numbers are the standard page references, and most editions of Plato's work contain the Stephanus numbers along the margins. Socrates opens his case with an appeal to the jury to listen to him openly and to pardon him if he slips into his usual conversational style.
His accusers have already spoken against him in the flowery manner common in courts of law, and have warned the jury not to be deceived by Socrates, a skillful speaker.
Socrates immediately addresses himself to that issue, claiming that while his accusers' speeches contained great refinement and skill, he lacks the ability to speak so well. However, he remarks, he will speak the truth whereas his opponents uttered only falsehood. Socrates further contrasts himself with his accusers, suggesting that while their rhetorical flourishes were the result of prepared speech, his speech will be fully improvised, issuing thoughts as they come to him.
His accusers' artificial and studied speech would be unbecoming of a man of his age Socrates was seventy at the time of the trial , and so he hopes to address the jury simply by saying what is true. He asks the jury's forgiveness if he slips into his usual conversational style. This is his first appearance in a court of law, he explains, and so he is completely unfamiliar with the language of the place.
According to Xenophon, Socrates urged his son not to "continue in the servile occupation [tanning hides] that his father has provided for him. Lycon, the Third Accuser. Little is known about the third accuser, Lycon. He is described as "an orator," another profession Socrates held in especially low regard. Socrates contended that orators were less concerned with the pursuit of truth than in using their oratorical skills to obtain power and influence.
Diogenes Laertius, writing in the third century C. Laertius's use of the word "demagogue" suggests that Lycon may have been a supporter of the common man in Socrates' view, perhaps, a rabble-rouser. As such, he likely perceived Socrates as a threat to the democracy he highly valued. Lycon may also have blamed Socrates for a homosexual relationship between his son, Autolycus, and a friend of Socrates--three decades older than Autolycus--named Callias.
In Plato's Symposium, Socrates, during a dinner party, praises the "higher love" of Callias for the much-younger Autolycus. The were intellectual professionals and teachers of rhetoric. A wealthy family could hire a sophist to educate their son in matters of excellent argument, guaranteeing them a successful and wealthy future. You can read more about the sophists here. In the next passage, Socrates begins to answer the charges I dare say, Athenians, that someone among you will reply, Yes, Socrates, but what is the origin of these accusations which are brought against you; there must have been something strange which you have been doing?
All these rumors and this talk about you would never have arisen if you had been like other men: tell us, then, what is the cause of them, for we should be sorry to judge hastily of you. Now I regard this as a fair challenge, and I will endeavor to explain to you the reason why I am called wise and have such an evil fame. Please to attend then. And although some of you may think that I am joking, I declare that I will tell you the entire truth.
Men of Athens, this reputation of mine has come of a certain sort of wisdom which I possess. If you ask me what kind of wisdom, I reply, wisdom such as may perhaps be attained by man, for to that extent I am inclined to believe that I am wise; whereas the persons of whom I was speaking have a superhuman wisdom which I may fail to describe, because I have it not myself; and he who says that I have, speaks falsely, and is taking away my character.
And here, O men of Athens, I must beg you not to interrupt me, even if I seem to say something extravagant. For the word which I will speak is not mine. I will refer you to a witness who is worthy of credit; that witness shall be the God of Delphi --he will tell you about my wisdom, if I have any, and of what sort it is. You must have known Chaerephon he was early a friend of mine, and also a friend of yours, for he shared in the recent exile of the people, and returned with you.
Well, Chaerephon, as you know, was very impetuous in all his doings, and he went to Delphi and boldly asked the oracle to tell him whether--as I was saying, I must beg you not to interrupt--he asked the oracle to tell him whether anyone was wiser than I was, and the Pythian prophetess answered, that there was no man wiser. Chaerephon is dead himself; but his brother, who is in court, will confirm the truth of what I am saying. Why do I mention this? Because I am going to explain to you why I have such an evil name.
When I heard the answer, I said to myself, What can the god mean? What then can he mean when he says that I am the wisest of men? And yet he is a god, and cannot lie; that would be against his nature. After long consideration, I thought of a method of trying the question. I reflected that if I could only find a man wiser than myself, then I might go to the god with a refutation in my hand.
I should say to him, 'Here is a man who is wiser than I am; but you said that I was the wisest. So I left him, saying to myself, as I went away: Well, although I do not suppose that either of us knows anything really beautiful and good, I am better off than he is,--for he knows nothing, and thinks that he knows; I neither know nor think that I know.
In this latter particular, then, I seem to have slightly the advantage of him. Then I went to another who had still higher pretensions to wisdom, and my conclusion was exactly the same. Whereupon I made another enemy of him, and of many others besides him. Bringing up the God of Delphi has two purposes:. If the god's really desired Socrates' work, then it should be justified to the jury.
A man who does not believe in the gods would not call them to his defense. The God of Delphi is notorious for giving unclear oracles. Examples of this include Odysseus in the Odyssey and Oedipus. Rather than directly lecturing or teaching in the same way that the Sophists did, Socrates made famous his own method of learning -- later called the Socratic Method.
By asking a series of clarifying questions, the Socratic Method leads the learner to find a clear and concise expression of knowledge by way of their own reason. It is usually aimed at establishing the best definition of a concept.
Initial Answer: A sandwich is some bread with some filling meat, jelly, cheese in the middle. Then the definition is tested. Does a sandwich have to be made with bread? Such as in the case of sandwich cookies? Amended Answer: You are right! I guess a sandwich has either bread or cookies and some filling in the middle.
Amended answer: No; a sandwich needs two pieces of bread. I guess a sandwich has two pieces of either bread or cookies and some filling in the middle. Amended answer: Well, yes.
The difference between a jelly donut and a burrito is that a burrito is built up-- first bread, then filling. It can be opened. But a jelly donut has the filling squeezed in A few notes: The process continues until either the perfect definition is reached or the person questioned realizes they do not, in fact, know what a sandwich is. It can be repeated for more serious concepts like What is a person? What is justice? Then I went to one man after another, being not unconscious of the enmity which I provoked, and I lamented and feared this: but necessity was laid upon me,--the word of God, I thought, ought to be considered first.
And I said to myself, Go I must to all who appear to know and find out the meaning of the oracle. And I swear to you, Athenians, by the dog I swear!
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